Seoul Metropolitan City
Republic of Korea Mayor: Se-hoon Oh-
Population 10383651
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Area 605.21km 2
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GDP 590 ThousandUSD
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Targets by N/A N/Aemission
SMG plans to discover 70 social enterprises and co-ops in the area of new
growth energy and provide them with strong initial support so that they could
develop into financially stable, excellent SMEs.
SMG will offer them financial assistance of up to KRW 30 million per project
and KRW 100 million per organization. It will also operate education and
consulting programs for the purpose of training socioeconomic leaders in the field of green energy through the “Seoul Socioeconomic Support Center” and
“Co-op Consulting Center.” In addition, SMG will organize 10 solar power
co-ops and expand public land for the installation of their PV power plants
from 20 locations in 2014 to 100 places in 2018.
SMG will expand the education for energy designers in charge of energy
diagnosis of small and medium-sized buildings from 95 in 2014 to 745 by
2018. It will also help them be financially independent so that they can
continue their career in the field by assisting them in their efforts to acquire the
relevant licenses, establishing an energy designer co-op, and making them the
priority in bids for public projects.
For instance, SMG will help them acquire licenses for new and renewable
energy power facility technicians and building energy assessors so that they can
enhance their qualifications and secure jobs in the public sector involving the
installation of micro PV power plants and external air conditioner covers.
- Residential
- Commercial
- Industrial
SMG plans to use the heat sources discarded by neighboraing local governments and private companies to service 100,000 households. To this end, it will receive 460,000 Gcal and 200,000 Gcal from the Bucheon Cogeneration Plant and Yangju Byeolnae Cogeneration Plant, respectively, from 2014. In 2015, it will begin to receive 50,000 Gcal of the heat used by the data ce nter of KT, a private IT company, to cool its servers to service residents in neighboring apartment buildings. By 2018, it plans to supply a total of 350,000 Gcal annually through linkage with the Seoul metropolitan District Heating Network.
Read More Read Less- Residential
- Commercial
- Industrial
- Buildings and Facilities
SMG will continue to expand Eco-Mileage, the citizens’ favorite energy
conservation platform. It plans to increase membership from 1.6 million in 2014
to 2.8 million in 2018, reducing 850,000 TOE in electricity and natural gas,
among others. To this end, it will link the Eco-Mileage program to its other
energy-related projects such as production of new and renewable energy, BRP,
LED, and energy consulting service while trying to maximize its energy
conservation effects through demand-side management including effect analysis
and feedback.
- Residential
- Commercial
- Industrial
- Buildings and Facilities
- 30% purchase guarantee for green models - Expansion of energy-saving driving habits (e.g. regular checkup, non-idling, eco-driving, etc.)
Read More Read Less- Transport
SMG will continue to make a detailed inventory of the city’s GHG emissions
and use it as basic data for its plan to reduce GHG emissions and shape its
policy directions. It plans to select a professional GHG inventory agency that
will monitor and verify the city’s GHG emissions inventory in the most
transparent manner. The central government aimed at reducing the country’s public sector GHG
emissions (annual average emission between 2007 and 2009) by 20% by 2015.
SMG sought to meet the target by 2014. It reduced the emissions of its 71
buildings including the new City Hall by an average of 5% annually and met
the target in 2014 as scheduled. The central government then set the goal of
reducing GHG emissions from the country’s waste treatment facilities by 10%
by 2015. SMG reduced GHG emissions from a total of 25 sewage treatment
centers and water purification centers by more than 3.3% a year through
improvements in the energy efficiency of the facilities; thus achieving the 10%
reduction goal ahead of schedule.
Korea’s emissions trading system also allocates – on an annual basis – a certain
amount of GHG emissions to organizations emitting a large quantity of GHG
and permits them to trade surplus quantities. The eligibility requirement is
annual average of 125,000 tons of CO2eq for an organization or 25,000 tons of
CO2eq for a worksite during the last three years. At least 25 facilities of SMG
including water supply offices and sewage treatment centers meet the criteria.
In June 2014, the Ministry of Environment posted a notice regarding the criteria
for the allocation of emission rights. In August 2014, SMG submitted its
application for ministerial allocation in consultation with a professional agency.
Once the ministry finalizes the allocation for the period 2015~2017, SMG will
work out and implement its emission reduction plans in the areas of BRP, LED,
and efficient operation of various facilities.
- Buildings and Facilities
SMG will promote continuous institutional improvements to expand the
installation of PV power plants. It plans to propose that the central government
reinstate the national FIT scheme supporting the installation of a PV power
plant with capacity of 100kW and amend the relevant laws so that SMG can
install PV power plants in urban parks with potential for large-scale PV power
plants. Currently, high installation fee is incurred when PV power plants are
located far from external KEPCO power lines. SMG plans to request that
small-scale PV power plants be allowed to be connected to internal power lines
or connection fees be reduced.
- Buildings
- Facilities
SMG continues to enhance the criteria for its environmental impact assessment
for the purpose of significantly upgrading the energy efficiency of its large-scale
development projects and large buildings. Specifically, it will require all types of
buildings – including redevelopment and reconstruction – with floor area of
100,000 square meters on land area of 90,000 square meters to have BEMS
(Building Energy Management System), install only LED lights by 2018, and
secure the highest energy efficiency (Class 1) in design. For private buildings,
SMG will strengthen its green building design criteria to improve their energy
efficiency. It will raise the bar for building energy self-reliance from 50% in
2014 to 60% in 2016 and 100% in 2023. To that end, SMG will reinforce its
requirements regarding the installation of new and renewable energy production
facilities and high-efficiency LED lighting fixtures. Beginning 2015, it will apply
new construction guidelines for the insulation feature of construction materials,
for instance. It plans to construct the “Nowon District Eco-Friendly Zero-Energy
Pilot Housing Complex” consisting of 121 households in cooperation with the
Nowon District. For public buildings, SMG will enhance the “Criteria for
Construction Technology Reviews for Public Buildings in Seoul” to improve
their energy efficiency. It plans to raise the mandatory energy supply from new
and renewable energy sources from 10% in 2014 to 25% by 2020 and complete
LED lamp replacement by the end of 2018. Following a pilot project of BEMS in 2015, SMG will require all public buildings with floor area of more than
30,000 square meters to be equipped with BEMS starting 2016. For existing
buildings, SMG promotes improvements in energy efficiency through
energy-efficient remodeling. It plans to designate as a remodeling activation zone
an area wherein more than 60% of buildings are over 15 years old and provide
incentives for the area where energy-saving work is carried out or new and
renewable energy facilities are installed.(This activity is to improve institutions, so GHG emissions reduction cannot be measured.)
- Buildings and Facilities
Double insulation wall, insulating window, LED, upgraded energy installations, etc.
Read More Read Less- Buildings
In order to ensure self supply of electricity.
Read More Read Less- Industrial processes and product use (IPPU)
- Other Emissions
Electric vehicles (EVs) emit 25% less GHG even when charging is included.
SMG will continue to expand EVs to reduce energy and ultra-fine particles. It
will begin using EVs in the public sector, taxis, and car-sharing service before
spreading EVs to other private sector businesses. It plans to increase the 195
EVs and 18 high-speed battery chargers in 2014 to 10,000 EVs and 200
chargers by 2018. It will also launch a test bed project for electric taxis in
2014 in cooperation with auto makers, taxi companies, and test institutes.
On top of that, SMG will disseminate 20,000 hybrid cars and buses by 2018. It
will continue offering benefits for hybrid cars including reductions in acquisition
tax and registration tax, congestion charges, and parking fees. Standards will be adjusted so that EV chargers can be used for plug-in hybrid vehicles, too. SMG
plans to increase the number of hybrid buses – which save 34.5% in fuel costs
– from 20 in 2014 to 670 by 2018. Upon the replacement of city buses, the
purchase of hybrid buses will be prioritized, and the purchase record will be
reflected on SMG’s evaluation of performance of the city’s bus operators. The
purchase of hybrid buses will also be offered CNG subsidy by priority.
- Residential
- Commercial
- Industrial
On-site energy production from solar and geothermal sources
Read More Read Less- Transport
- Industrial processes and product use (IPPU)
The Eco-Mileage program engages homes and businesses
in energy conservation (i.e. saving electricity, water, gas and
district heating) by offering city government incentives. Eco-
Mileage Members stay informed and motivated through
regular e-mail and SMS reports of energy consumption
data. As of August 2012, 627,000 homes and businesses
have joined the program. The city government seeks to expand
the program to 1 million members by 2014.
Participating organizations: KEPCO, KEMCO, Ministry of Environment,
Ministry of Land and Maritime Affairs, AEGIS
Enterprise, apartment offices, environmental NGOs, Office
of Education, schools, private buildings, BC Card Corp., LG
Housys, Dajin DMP.
- Buildings
Seoul aims to be a Mecca of LED technology and commercialization.
By the end of the current year, the city plans to
install 64,000 LED lights in public buildings and subway stations,
leading to a 7060 TOE’s worth of electricity by 2014.
The city government is also encouraging multi-use facilities
like supermarkets and department stores to replace their
lighting sources with LED, and simultaneously works to replace
signs and street lamps with LED illumination.
- Buildings
The city plans to develop such a system adapted to the urban condition
Read More Read Less- Industrial processes and product use (IPPU)
Expanded use of incineration heat and waste heat
Read More Read Less- Industrial processes and product use (IPPU)
The central government aimed at reducing the country’s public sector GHG
emissions (annual average emission between 2007 and 2009) by 20% by 2015.
SMG sought to meet the target by 2014. It reduced the emissions of its 71
buildings including the new City Hall by an average of 5% annually and met
the target in 2014 as scheduled. The central government then set the goal of
reducing GHG emissions from the country’s waste treatment facilities by 10%
by 2015. SMG reduced GHG emissions from a total of 25 sewage treatment
centers and water purification centers by more than 3.3% a year through
improvements in the energy efficiency of the facilities; thus achieving the 10%
reduction goal ahead of schedule.
- Residential
- Commercial
- Industrial
- Buildings and Facilities
SMG plans to distribute 40,000 “mini PV power plants” that can be installed in
verandas for the purpose of transforming citizens from energy consumers to
energy producers and raising their awareness of eco-friendly energy. It will
implement a pilot project involving 8,000 households in 2014 and increase them
to 10,000 households every year thereafter.
- Residential
- Commercial
- Industrial
SMG installs a total of 174MW fuel cell plants, which contribute significantly
to electricity self-reliance and private investment effects by 2018. It will install
a 20MW fuel cell at each of the city’s infrastructure facilities including railway
vehicle bases (Sinnae, Suseo, and Jichuk) and Seonam Sewage Treatment Center
to ensure that the facilities keep operating during power outages. SMG
distributes 1kW class micro fuel cells to houses and buildings particularly hotels
and hospitals that use electricity and heat energy around the world.
- Residential
- Commercial
- Industrial
private sector – with LED lamps by 2018. To this end, it will enhance the
LED design criteria in the "Green Building Design Guidelines” for new
structures measuring more than 500 square meters. By the end of 2014, all the
buildings in the city will have to replace more than 25% of their lights with
LED lamps and 100% of their lights in underground garages with LED lighting
fixtures. By 2020, all the lights in buildings will have to be LED lamps. SMG
will support LED light installation in numerous apartment garages throughout the
city by having the "Ordinance for Multi-unit Dwelling Support” of the city’s 25
self-governing districts revised. Through the modification of the “Seoul Special
City Ordinance on Outdoor Advertisements,” SMG will make it compulsory for
businesses to change signboard lights into energy-efficient LED lamps. Even
before the ordinance is modified, it will have 2,000 signboards changed to
LED-based ones each year through agreement with shopkeepers. In addition,
through the meetings of the Light Pollution Prevention Council, it will
encourage the installation of high-efficiency lighting fixtures while discouraging
the excessive use of lights.
SMG will expand the voluntary LED distribution in the private sector through
collaboration with the private sector and PR campaigns. It plans to launch the
"On-Site LED Direct Marketplace" in apartment complexes 200 times. In
cooperation with the city’s Buddhist leaders, it will distribute 1 million LED
lotus lanterns to 500 Buddhist temples. SMG will also open an online
information plaza to provide citizens with information on LED prices and
technologies. In addition, it will set up 20 PR booths at the Gwanghwamun and
Idae Stations to provide diverse information on LED to citizens. It plans to
establish “LED Hub Centers” as the city’s regional network for LED
distribution.SMG plans to install one or two LED hub centers in each of the city’s six
areas in cooperation with civil society. The centers will provide one-stop service
for counseling, PR, price information, and joint purchase. It will also join forces
with the Korea Franchise Association and large-scale discount stores to distribute
LED lamps. On behalf of its 100 member companies, the association will sign a
contract to install LED lights in their new stores. Discount stores will observe
the "LED Purchase Day" regularly and display LED publicity materials in their
stores.
SMG will also join hands with corporations to develop LED technologies and
expand the LED market through marketing support. To this end, it will run an
LED test site in collaboration with the Korea Photonics Technology Institute and
SMEs to promote the quality reliability of SME products. Most notably, SMG
will perform the evaluation of effects of emotional lighting and hospital lighting
with the Korea Institute of Lighting Technology and Korea Photonics
Technology Institute in an effort to help improve the performance of LED smart
lighting.
To spur the development of LED technologies, SMG will issue the “LED
Distribution Standards for Public Institutions in Seoul," which will allow LED
lights to be evaluated in terms of optical functions and require LED efficiency
to be 10% higher than the national specification. In addition, it will launch the
Seoul LED Lighting Fair every year to expand the LED market and open the
Comprehensive LED Information Center in Konkuk University for the display
and selling of LED lighting fixtures as well as information service and technical
exchanges.
- Residential
- Commercial
- Industrial
- Buildings and Facilities
SMG is building an integrated energy supply facility to deliver heat to Magok
District steadily. It will deal with the demand for heat in the district until 2016
in collaboration with the Mokdong Cogeneration Plant and Bucheon Combined
Heat and Power Plan run by GS Power and construct a 280MW gas-based
combined heat and power plant in 2017 for stable heat supply starting 2020.(This activity is to improve institutions, so GHG emissions reduction cannot be measured.)
- Residential
- Commercial
- Industrial
- Buildings and Facilities
- Buildings
- Facilities
SMG plans to install a total of 10MW PV power plants along the city’s main
streets as the city’s “Solar Power Landmarks” by 2018. It will launch a pilot
project at the northern end of Seongsan Grand Bridge in 2014, followed by
installations at Gangbyeon Buk-ro, bridges across Han River, downtown areas,
and Hangang parks. It will seek ways to use them as tourist attractions as is
the case in Freiburg, Germany.
- Residential
- Commercial
- Industrial
Since 2003, for diesel vehicles found to exceed the exhaust gas
standards in an in-depth emission investigation, the Seoul
government took diverse approaches to lower their impact on air
pollution; installing exhaust gas-reduction devices, scrapping outdated
vehicles earlier than usual cycle and replacing diesel engines with
LPG engines, all of which have affected a total of 265,504 units of
cars.
Since 2002, the city government has had diesel-engined buses and
garbage trucks replaced with CNG vehicles, which involve a total of
10,376 units. It extended financial support to cover cost gap between
diesel and CNG vehicles: KRW 18.5 million for each intra-city bus
(KRW 16 million per medium size bus), and from KRW 27 million to
KRW 42 million for garbage trucks.
In addition, since November 2010, it restricted the operation of the
vehicles that failed to take required actions to reduce gas emissions,
such as installation of device to decrease exhaust gas, and began to
expand the Low Emission Zone (LEZ), a geographically defined area
which seeks to restrict access by polluting vehicles; a crackdown on
the entry of vehicles registered with the Greater Seoul Area into
Seoul since 2014 and such vehicles from all around the country since
2015.
The city government also strengthened its control on traffic demands;
extending the entire distance of exclusive central bus lanes in Seoul
up to a total of 117km and applying this public bus management
system to the whole Seoul area, and increasing the total number of
cars of the Car-sharing program from 567 units to 1,500 units in
2004.
- Government Transport
Maintain recommended indoor temperature, turn off unnecessary lights, lights off at lunchtime, etc.
Read More Read Less- Other Emissions
To increase the electricity self-sufficiency of houses, SMG replaced old
residential boilers with micro cogeneration boilers that produce electricity, too.
To this end, it will launch a pilot project in 2014 and review the results.
Depending on the results, it will begin to provide subsidies or loans in 2015 for
the purpose of distributing 10,000 stirling engine boilers to multi-family homes
including apartments by 2020.
- Residential
- Commercial
- Industrial
- Buildings and Facilities
Sunlight city project to make the entire city a PV plant; fuel cells to ensure energy self-supply of core public facilities; reuse of waste heat; on-site new and renewable energy generation facilities for new buildings, etc. (Anticipated emission reduction & description commonly applied for "Energy Supply" activities)
Read More Read Less- Industrial processes and product use (IPPU)
SMG recovers discarded energy and uses it as energy source for district heating.
In 2012, it developed high-efficiency hydro power generation technology that
could generate power at an altitude of less than 2 meters and applied it to a
360kW hydro plant built in the Noryangjin Distributing Reservoir. Based on the
success of the pilot project, SMG will continue to discover energy sources for
small-scale hydro plants including Jamsil Weir, sewage treatment centers, and
water purification centers for the purpose of installing a total of 3,160kW
small-scale hydro plants. SMG also seeks to recover heat from the exhaust gas of
incinerator chimneys in order to use it as heat source for neighboring areas. It
will start with 9 locations at the Mapo Resource Recovery Facility and expand to
a total of 32 chimneys by 2018, enabling the supply of heat to 70,000 households
in neighboring apartment complexes. At present, 243 subway stations draw a total of 120,000 tons of ground water and use only 20,000 tons for cleaning purposes,
discharging the rest into streams. SMG plans to use the discarded ground water to
cool and heat neighboring buildings. It will launch a pilot project at the Korea
University station in 2014 and expand to 10 stations by 2018 to service the
Mokdong Ice Rink and the headquarters of Seoul Metropolitan Rapid Transit
Corporation, among others.
- Buildings
- Facilities
The city delivers LED security lights for apartment complexes.
Read More Read Less- Buildings
The combined effect of GHG reductions and energy conservation is equivalent to planting 86 pine trees in 2020 and 146 pine trees in 2030. (Such positive impact is the result of changes in the transportation mode share, improved fuel-efficiency, and introduction of eco-friendly vehicles.)
Read More Read Less- Transport
Installation of photovoltaic generators in redeveloped rental apartments
Read More Read Less- Industrial processes and product use (IPPU)
SMG will create the “Solar Power Generation Citizens’ Fund” for citizens to make
direct investments in the PV power plant business and earn profits. It plans to launch ten
funds with total amount of KRW 50 billion, which will be invested in the creation of 10
PV power plants in the Gueui Water Purification Plant (1MW). A citizen can invest
between KRW 100,000 and KRW 10 million, for which annual average revenue of 4% is
guaranteed. Profits or investments can be donated to charity programs targeting the
energy-disadvantaged.
- Residential
- Commercial
- Industrial
SMG plans to have energy efficiency reflected on buildings' prices through the
implementation of the energy efficiency classification system for buildings. The
system will have the actual energy consumption of buildings recorded in
building purchase or lease contracts so that the consumer will make wiser
choices, and buildings of higher energy efficiency will consequently command
higher prices/rents in the market. Following a trial project in 2015, SMG will
launch the system that same year and begin to disclose the building energy
information in the country’s real estate portal run by the private sector and
SMG’s Integrated Multi-unit Dwellings Information Plaza starting 2016. For
buildings categorized as major energy consumers, SMG will start disclosing their
energy score cards to the public to motivate them to conserve energy more
aggressively. The cards will contain information on the buildings’ energy
consumption per unit area, changes in energy consumption, and rankings in
energy conservation efforts. Beginning 2015, SMG will implement the “Excellent
Energy Efficiency Building Certification System” wherein it will issue a plaque of recognition to buildings that have reduced energy consumption by more than
5% in an effort to spread energy conservation know-how and induce voluntary
participation in energy efficiency improvements.(This action is a plan to improve SMG's system for energy efficiancy. Therefore, Emission reduction was not estimated)
- Residential
- Commercial
- Industrial
- Buildings
- Facilities
SMG improves the recycling ratio of waste, including waste vinyl and fabric
scraps, through citizens’ engagement. It will recycle 243,000 tons of waste vinyl
by 2018 through the distribution of exclusive plastic bags throughout the city. It
will also collect 168,000 tons of fabric scraps by 2018 through the mandatory
separation of fabric scraps from general waste. SMG uses the branches of street
trees to make wood pallets. It will build a pallet factory with daily production
capacity of 500kg to produce wood pallet fuel used by low-income households,
social welfare facilities, and community centers.
- Residential
- Commercial
- Industrial
- Buildings and Facilities
- Buildings
- Facilities
SMG plans to replace all the lights (2.2 million) in the city’s public sector
including public buildings, subway stations, and security lamps with LED lamps
by 2018. In 2014, it will complete the replacement in subway stations plus
350,000 lamps in district offices and municipal hospitals, for a total of 1
million lamps. From 2015 to 2016, it will replace 500,000 lamps including
those in the city’s welfare facilities and affiliated offices (100%) and security
lights and street lamps (50%). Between 2017 and 2018, it will replace a total of
700,000 lamps including those in its various corporations and the other 50% of
its security lights and street lamps. Meanwhile, SMG will enhance the "Design
Criteria for Public Facilities" to ensure the installation of LED lights in new
public buildings. For old public buildings, it will set up an exclusive
organization called SPC consisting of representatives of the central government
(Korea Finance Corporation, etc.), SMG (road management departments), and
private R&D institutions in 2015 in an attempt to minimize the financial
burdens associated with LED replacement and promote the faster implementation
of the replacement work.
- Buildings
- Facilities
Project loan support to expand green energy deployment
Read More Read Less- Industrial processes and product use (IPPU)
SMG will also implement diverse projects to turn waste into energy, which in
turn will lead to job creation and industrial development. For residential areas, it
will increase the number of recycling stations from 1,128 in 73 dongs (smallest
administrative unit in Korea) to 7,500 in 300 dongs by the end of 2014. For
the effective management of the stations and job creation, it will hire a total of
10,000 people as recycling station custodians or 15 ~ 30 persons per dong.
- Residential
- Commercial
- Industrial
- Buildings and Facilities
- Waste
commercial buildings with total capacity of 89MW – 55% of apartments and
4% of commercial buildings. SMG plans to expand the cogeneration capacity
from 90MW in 2014 to 150MW in 2018. To this end, it requires the
installation of decentralized power generation facilities for new buildings. It
plans to request the central government to make improvements in the pricing of
heating & cooling fuel and electricity including time-based electricity pricing. It
will also ask the central government to support the city’s PV power plants
through the nation’s Energy Use Rationalization Funds.
- Residential
- Commercial
- Industrial
- Buildings and Facilities
As a part of energy welfare for low-income citizens
Read More Read Less- Industrial processes and product use (IPPU)
In order to protect vulnerable communities from air pollution,
Seoul issues air pollutant (e.g. fine particles, ozone)
forecasts and alerts directed at 4018 education offices and
schools, 4500 senior centers and 662 care centers for livealone
seniors. The information is released on a real-time
basis via website, electric display boards and mobile apps.
As of June 2012, YTN Weather Channel provides a TV air
pollution report in partnership with city government.
Participating organizations: YTN Weather TV.
- Human health
SMG will improve regulations so that big buildings consuming more than 2,000
TOE will have to go through rigorous energy diagnosis procedures. Specifically,
it will persuade the central government to delegate the authority of the Minister
of Trade, Industry, and Energy to issue orders for building energy diagnosis to
the heads of local governments including the mayor of Seoul. The amended law
will also allow the heads of local governments to issue improvement orders
when buildings fail to make more than 5% improvement in their energy
efficiency. Meanwhile, SMG will develop and disseminate different energy
conservation models for groups of buildings such as hospitals, schools,
businesses, and hotels by the end of 2014. SMG offers tailored energy diagnosis
for houses and buildings. Current energy usage will be carefully reviewed, and
energy saving measures will be recommended free of charge by different groups
of experts: houses, by energy consultants; shops in small ~ medium-sized
buildings, by energy designers, and; welfare facilities and educational institutions,
by professional energy diagnosis companies. SMG will carry out BRP for the
city’s basic urban infrastructure, too. It will focus on improving the efficiency
of electrical facilities in sewage treatment facilities through the replacement of
old motors with high-efficiency ones and convert into heat source the digestion
gas generated in the sewage treatment process. It will also introduce intelligent
electricity load management systems in water purification centers. In addition,
SMG will begin operating subway cars that enable the recovery of the
electricity generated during brake applications.
The Seoul Metropolitan Government has designated 3073 senior
and community centers as “Summer Shelters” to protect
senior citizens and homeless people from excessive heat. The
designated shelters are highly accessible to senior citizens and
are capable of accommodating up to 169,296 individuals. Seniors
and homeless citizens can even stay late in the shelters
on hot nights.
- Human health
Mayor Se-hoon OhSeoul Metropolitan City, Republic of Korea
